(b) The general parabolas either in forms y² = ax² + bx + c or x = a₁y² + b₁y + c₁
(when axis of parabola is parallel to the co-ordinate axis).

Now consider

i)  
    
                   
    It is symmetric about the New y-axis and its vertex is ( a, - a² ).

ii)  

which is symmetric about the New x-axis and vertex ( -b², b ).

(4) Standard Ellipse : The general equation

of the ellipse in standard form is

(5) Standard Hyperbola : The general equation

of the standard hyperbola is

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Index

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Area
8.3 Volumes
8.4 Mean Value
8.5 Arc Length(Rectification)

Chapter 1